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Lasers produce precisely controlled optical radiation through atomic energy-level transitions, which excite bound electrons to emit directional, well-regulated light. The outgoing beam is coherent electromagnetic radiation, with all light waves sharing identical frequency and perfectly aligned phase. Broadly speaking, lasers operate in two fundamental modes: continuous steady emission and intermittent pulsed emission. This article details the essential differences between continuous-wave (CW) and pulsed lasers, along with quasi-continuous-wave (QCW) variants.

Ultrafast amplifiers are optical amplifiers used to amplify ultrashort pulses. Some ultrafast amplifiers are used to amplify high repetition rate pulse trains to get very high average power while the pulse energy is still at moderate levels, in other cases lower repetition rate pulses get more gain and get very high pulses energy and relatively large peak power. When these intense pulses are focused on some targets, very high light intensities are obtained, sometimes even greater than 1016 W/cm2.

Fluorescence imaging has been widely used in biomedical imaging and clinical intraoperative navigation. When fluorescence propagates in biological media, absorption attenuation and scattering disturbance will cause fluorescence energy loss and signal-to-noise ratio decrease, respectively. Generally speaking, the degree of absorption loss determines whether we can "see", and the number of scattered photons determines whether we can "see clearly". In addition, the autofluorescence of some biomolecules and signal light are collected by the imaging system and eventually become the background of the image. Therefore, for biofluorescence imaging, scientists are trying to find a perfect imaging window with low photon absorption and sufficient light scattering.

Challenges faced by high-power continuous thulium-doped fiber lasers, Over the past two decades, the output power of continuous thulium-doped fiber lasers has increased dramatically. The output power of a single all-fiber oscillator has exceeded 500 W; the all-fiber MOPA structure has achieved an output power of kilowatts. However, there are still many problems restricting further improvements in power.