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Energy is absorbed in the medium, creating excited states in the atoms. Population inversion is achieved when the number of particles in an excited state exceeds the number of particles in the ground state or less excited states. In this case, a mechanism of stimulated emission can occur and the medium can be used as a laser or optical amplifier.

In data centers, optical modules exist everywhere, but few people mention them. In fact, optical modules are already the most widely used products in data centers. Today's data centers are basically optical fiber interconnection, and the situation of cable interconnection has become less and less. Therefore, without optical modules, data centers cannot operate at all. The optical module converts electrical signals into optical signals at the sending end through photoelectric conversion, and then transmits through optical fibers, and then converts the optical signals into electrical signals at the receiving end. That is to say, any optical module has two parts: transmitting and receiving. The function is to do photoelectric conversion and electro-optical conversion, so that the optical modules are inseparable from the equipment at both ends of the network. There are thousands of devices in a medium-sized data center.

Some solid-state laser gain media are doped with transition metal ions, and the transitions involved are those of electrons in the three-dimensional shell. Figure 1 shows the commonly used transition metal ions and their host media.

Single-frequency fiber lasers have a very narrow limit linewidth, and their spectral line shape is Lorentz type, which is significantly different from single-frequency semiconductors. The reason is that single-frequency fiber lasers have longer laser resonant cavities and longer photon lifetimes in the cavity. This means that single-frequency fiber lasers have lower phase noise and frequency noise than single-frequency semiconductor lasers.

As one of the cores of medium and long-distance optical communication, the optical module plays a role in photoelectric conversion. It is composed of optical devices, functional circuit boards, and optical interfaces.

Optical fiber modules are components used to connect optical fiber cables to electronic devices. Optical fiber modules have many different parts, and different modules are designed to different specifications. Each part of the module is connected to a board that can be installed as a unit of electronic equipment.