Lithography is a technique for transferring a designed pattern directly or through an intermediate medium onto a flat surface, excluding areas of the surface that do not require a pattern.
Compared with discrete optical fiber amplification technology, Distributed Raman Amplification (DRA) technology has shown obvious advantages in many aspects such as noise figure, nonlinear damage, gain bandwidth, etc., and has gained advantages in the field of optical fiber communication and sensing. widely used. High-order DRA can make the gain deep into the link to achieve quasi-lossless optical transmission (that is, the best balance of optical signal-to-noise ratio and nonlinear damage), and significantly improve the overall balance of optical fiber transmission/sensing. Compared with conventional high-end DRA, DRA based on ultra-long fiber laser simplifies the system structure, and has the advantage of gain clamp production, showing strong application potential. However, this amplification method still faces bottlenecks that restrict its application to long-distance optical fiber transmission/sensing
High power ultrafast lasers are widely used because of their short pulse duration and peak power.Ultrafast lasers are used in material processing applications, medical fiber lasers, microscopy and other fields.
The full name of VCESL is a vertical cavity surface emitting laser, which is a semiconductor laser structure in which an optical resonant cavity is formed in the direction perpendicular to the semiconductor epitaxial wafer and the laser beam emitted is perpendicular to the surface of the substrate. Compared with LEDs and edge-emitting lasers EEL, VCSELs are superior in terms of accuracy, miniaturization, low power consumption, and reliability.
Optical fiber amplifiers multiply the photon stream by means of electronic excitation. The term also refers to fiber optic sensors.
Operators are making efforts to build 5G base stations, and the demand for optical modules continues to expand. In 2019, my country has built more than 130,000 5G base stations. 2020 is the first year of large-scale construction of 5G base stations, which mainly cover urban areas. In 2020, 5G network construction will focus on more SA networking, with higher commercial value. During the two sessions in 2020, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology stated that my country added more than 10,000 base stations every week. According to the operator's investment plan, the three major operators will build 700,000 base stations in September 2020, and the construction will not stop from September to December. With China Radio and Television as a new entrant, the joint construction of 700MHZ 5G base stations with China Mobile is expected to be further expanded.
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